求助高手 翻译机械专业英语文章

求助高手　翻译机械专业英语文章


1    Introduction

China is the world’s largest grain producer. The total of 1992 Chinese grain crop production was 443 million tons (Mt), including 95 Mt of maize, 196 Mt of rice, and 102 Mt of wheat. Maize in China is grown mainly in the Northern part of the country. Most maize is harvested manually as ear maize in October and November, and is shelled before being transported in bags during December-February to a local grain depot for drying.
When the maize reaches the depot, it is usually segregated into stacks by moisture content, e.g. 22%-26%,18%-21%,<18%, its temperature is between -10℃ and -15℃. Some of the wet maize is stored as long as 3 to 4 months but does not deteriorate because of the low grain temperature. When a mechanical dryer is available, drying commences in November and continues through April. However, At many Chinese grain depots sun-drying is still the prevalent method for moisture extraction, it is a very slow process during the extremely cold months of January, February and March.
The need for mechanical maize dryers in Northeast China is great. Dryers manufactured overseas can be afforded by few grain depots. Therefore, the Chinese grain dryer manufacturing industry is developing rapidly. A recent survey ( by the senior author ) of 23 major Chinese dryer companies indicated that in the 1992-1993 period over 1500 dryers in the 5-25t/h capacity range were sold in Northeast China.
It appears that dryer designers in China are primarily concerned with the capacity and the energy efficiency their of designs. No data has been published on the stress-crack and breakage-susceptibility increase in maize dried in Chinese dryers. Since kernel breakage is a major complaint of Chinese maize, it is essential that such information become available to depot managers. This paper fulfills this need partially. The data has been obtained in Northeast China during the 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 drying seasons, and covers four main types of dryer used in China, i.e. crossflow, mixed-flow, concurrent-/counter-flow, and steam dryers. For comparison, maize quality data was collected at several sun-drying installations.

2    Experiment

2.1    Dryer Description
The specifications of the dryers are tabulated in Table 1.
2.1.1    Crossflow dryer
Three crossflow (No.1-No.3) dryers were tested. Dyer No.1 contains two crossflow columns, each column consists of two drying sections, one turn-flow device and a cooling section, and with a grain column thickness in the upper drying section of 0.277m and 0.304m in the lower section. The dimensions of dryer No.1 are 6.517m×3.400m×13.482m. No.2 dryer is similar to No.1, but is smaller and has a lower capacity. No.3 is a cylindrical crossflow dryer with two drying sections, one turn-flow device and a cooling section.
2.1.2    Mixed-flow dryer
The mixed-flow dryer (No.4) is composed of eight modular sections. Each module has dimensions of  1.8m×1.0m×0.8m. The tow bottom modules serve as cooling stage. Dryer No.5 consists of two mixed-flow drying towers in series, similar in design as dryer No.4.
Table 1  The Specifications of the Dryers Investigated

2.1.3    Concurrent-/Counter-flow dryer
Dryers No.6-No.10 are concurrent-/counter-flow dryers, consisting of two or more towers. The number in front of “-CCF” indicates the number of towers. Each tower has two counter-/concurrent-flow drying sections. The last tower, or part of the last tower, is used for cooling. The depth of the counter-/concurrent-flow beds is 0.6m, the cross-sectional area of each tower is 2.2m×2.2m. It should be noted that overseas CCF dryers do not have counter-flow drying stages, only a counter-flow cooling stage.

2.1.4    Steam Dryer
The steam dryer is a unique dryer widely used in grain depots in China. It consists of 3-6 indoor drying and cooling towers, and a boiler. Each tower contains in its upper section a series of steam pipes, and in its lower section a number of inlet/outlet air ducts. The grain is heated by conduction as it flow over the steam-heated pipes, and is subsequently treated with ambient or slightly-heated recycled drying-air. The steam pressure in the pipes is 2×105Pa--4×105Pa (130-140℃), the diameter of the pipes is 42-48mm, and the distance between pipes is 110-120mm. The grain retention time is long (4-6 hours for 10-point moisture removal) due to the relatively low grain temperature.

2.1.5    Sun-Drying
Sun drying is still the main method of grain drying in China. Almost every village or depot has a special area for the sun drying of grains. The grain is spread out in 5-10cm thin layer and is stirred occasionally. In Northeast China where the ambient temperature is very low when maize is harvested, sun drying is a very slow process.

2.2    Experiment
The stress crack conditions of each kernel are checked on a candling table. There samples, each of 100 kernels, are checked. The stress-crack percentage (SC) and index (SCI) as follows[2],
SC=% single crack + % multiple crack + % checked
And
SCI=1×(% single crack ) + (% multiple ) + 5×(% checked ).

3    Result and Discussion
The experimental results are give in Table 2.
Table 2 Results of Stress-Crack Percentage(SC) and Stress-Crack Index(SCI)
of Maize Dried by Different Drying Methods

The best maize quality, i.e. the maize with the lowest stress-crack percentage and lowest SCI, is produced by sun-drying and by steam drying. The sun-drying depots can produce maize with few stress cracks and low SCI values. The samples dried in the steam dryers also show few stress cracks and low SCI values. In comparing the sun-dried and steam-dried kernels, it should be understood that the quality of sun-dried maize greatly depends on the weather conditions and the grain-mixing strategy. In contrast, the quality of the maize dried in steam dryers is not affected by weather or the operating conditions, and thus can be expected to be similar to that of the steam-dried samples analyzed in this paper.
Of the mechanical dryers, steam drying shows the lowest increase in stress-cracks. Multi-stage concurrent-/counter-flow and crossflow drying exhibit highest increase, the more stages in a dryer, the more stress-cracks. Mixed-flow drying show a moderate increase in kernel stress-cracks. The average increased in the percentage of stress-cracks is 11 for steam drying, 30 for mixed-flow drying, 45 for crossflow drying and 60 for concurrent-/counter-flow drying.
The stress-crack figures of maize reported in this study Chinese dryers are similar to those report for mechanical dryers in the USA by Montross et al[3]. According to Montross research stress-crack increase for concurrent-flow drying (remember : US concurrent-flow dryers do not dry grain by counter-flow ) is 50%-74%, for mixed-flow drying 66% (only one dryer was tested), and for cross-flow drying 81%-89%. The USA dryers show a higher percentage of stress-cracked kernels than Chinese dryers of the same type, especially the cross-flow dryers. This could be due to variety differences but is likely caused by the higher drying temperatures used in the USA than in China[1].
The main conclusions to be drawn from this study of maize drying in China are:
1)    Sun drying is able to produce maize with a minimum number of stress cracks if properly implemented.
2)    Steam-dried maize usually has a small percentage of stress cracks.
3)    Of the three major high-temperature types of dryer, mixed-flow dryers produce maize of higher quality, i.e. with fewer stress cracks than crossflow dryers and concurrent-/counter-flow dryers.

路过!!!!!!!!!!!!

如果真的有那么好的翻译软件就好了哦,那有的东西可以学得更快点了!

路过!!!!!!!!!!!!

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1    简介
    中国是世界上最大的粮食生产国。1992年中国谷物总产量是4.43亿吨，其中包括95吨玉米，196吨大米，102吨小麦。玉米主要产于中国北部。大部分玉米在11月或12月人工收获，然后在12月到2月之间成袋送去当地谷物仓库去干燥前脱壳。
    当玉米到达仓库后，通常按常湿度单独放成堆，例如22%-26%,18%-21%,<18%，它的温度在-10℃ 到 -15℃之间。有一些湿玉米由于低温可以存放3到4个月而不腐烂。如果有一台干燥机，就可以在11月至4月之间干燥。然而用太阳晒干仍然是许多中国粮食仓库干燥粮食的方法。这是一个非常缓慢的过程，尤其在极其寒冷的一二三月。
中国北方对玉米干燥机的需求是很大的。进口干燥机只有少数谷物仓库能够承担得起。然而，中国粮食干燥设备正在迅速发展。一项最近调查（来自于权威人士）显示中国主要23家干燥设备公司于1992到1993年间在中国北方销售了约1500辆生产量在5-25t/h的干燥机。" Z- S7 J# L- N( L, |+ \+ R3
     似乎中国干燥设备制造商主要关心的是他们设计的产量和能量效率。没有公布有关中国干燥设备在干燥玉米中出现的越来越多的压碎和压坏的问题。当谷物压损成为中国玉米产业中一个主要的问题时，这些信息很自然地就反映到了仓库管理者处。这份文件列出了部分这些需求。这些数据来自于1993-1994和1994-1995两段时期中国北部的干燥季节，而且包括了中国使用的四种干燥设备，例如，交流式，混合式，并流/反流式，蒸发式干燥设备。为了对比，从几个太阳晒干食物的仓库收集了一些数据 。/能源 Y$ h$ M- t4 |9 V8 j  o两段时干燥
+ L# A/ _. j2 Y能量
2    试验

2.1   干燥设备描述% {# a h' o) ~
干燥设备的规格见表16 A4 a3 s6 ~  L( }. b2 ^9 z
2.1.1    交流干燥器
    有三台交流式干燥设备 进行了本次试验。1号设备包括了两个交流式圆柱，每个圆柱包含两个干燥部分，一个转流装置和一个冷却部分，干燥设备上部分谷物圆柱的厚度是0.277m，较低部分是0.304m。1号设备尺寸是6.517m×3.400m×13.482m。2号设备类似于1号，但它更小，容量更低。3号是一个有两个干燥部分的交流式干燥设备，一个转流装置和一个冷却部分。
2.1.2    混合流动干设备
    4号混合流动式干燥设备由八个模块组成。每个模块的尺寸是1.8m×1.0m×0.8m.两个底部的模块作为冷却部分使用。5号干燥设备是由两个连续的干燥塔组成 ，和4号干燥设备有点相似。
表格1 调查的干燥设备的说明7 O) w5 e) ~$ B! S; d

2.1.3    并流式/反流式干燥设备
6号到10号干燥设备并流式/反流式干燥设备，由两个或更多的塔组成。-CCF前面的数字代表了塔的数量。每个塔有两个干燥部分。最后一个塔，或者说最后一个塔的部分，是用来冷却的。并流式+ e( G. i) y6 t: x/反流式基层的厚度是0.6米，每个塔的交叉部分是3 I0 W1 H2 J3 s2 ?( @' a+ G+ s; ]2.2m×2.2m。需要说明的是国外的并流式干燥器没有反流干燥部分，只有一个反流冷却部分。
2.1.4    蒸发干燥设备
蒸气干燥设备是在中国仓库广泛唯一被广泛使用的。它由室内干燥和冷却塔，一个锅炉组成。每个塔上部分包括一系列蒸气管，较低部分包括一系列进/出气管。谷粒是当它流过蒸气加热的管道时传导加热烘干，随后进入周围空气或稍微加热循环干燥气体。管道的蒸气压是2×105Pa--4×105Pa (130-140℃)，直径是42-48mm，管道之间距离为110-120mm。谷粒保留时间很长（干燥温度为10的需要4至6个小时）是由于谷物相对低的温度。

2.1.5    太阳晒干式/ n0 u. N/ v2 i8 A
    在中国太阳晒干仍然是烘干谷物的主要方法。几乎每个村庄和仓库都有专用来晒干谷物的场地。在中国北方当玉米丰收时温度很低，太阳晒干是一个很缓慢的过程。
$ D* q) n" x' ~- U6 k% S0 }
2.2    ! L1 r7 y% e0 T9 i% {4 M$ \试验
每一种谷粒的压碎情况都在表格中核对出来了。这些样本，每个都是100粒，被检查出来。压碎的比率（SC）和压碎比率指数（SCI）如下：
SC=% 单层压碎数 + % 多层压碎数 + % 被检查数
SCI=1×(% 单层压碎数) + (% 多层压碎数 ) + 5×(% 被检查数 ).

3   结果与讨论
试验结果见表2
表2 不同的干燥设备在干燥时玉米压碎（SC)和压碎指指标数的结果
    最好的玉米质量，就是说最低的压碎比率，最低的压碎指数，是由太阳或蒸气烘干。采用晒干的仓库能够减少玉米的压碎度和降低压碎指数。对比晒干和蒸气烘干过的谷粒，我们必须知道晒干谷粒的质量取决于气候条件和谷粒混合方法。相反地，蒸气烘干的谷粒质量不受气候或操作情况的影响，因此和报告中蒸气干燥样品的分析相似。
    在机械干燥设备里，蒸气烘干设备显示了最小的压碎比率。多层并流/反流或交流干燥显示了很大的增幅，干燥器里层数越多，压碎的就越多。多流式干燥设备显示了在谷粒压碎中有一个中等的增幅。蒸气烘干的平均压碎增长比是11，多流式是30，交流式是45，并流/反流式是60.; N" Z) C8 X  p
    研告有点相似。根据美国Montross研究的交流式干燥压碎增长比（注意：美国并流干燥设备不是通过反流来干燥谷物）是 50%-74%，混合流干燥是66%（只测试了一台机器），交流式干燥是81%-89%.同和类型的设备美国干燥机器在压碎谷物比率上高于中国，尤其是交流干燥机器。这可能是由于很多原因，也可能是美国使用的干燥温度远高于中国引起的。      
     从这个研究中国玉米干燥可得出的主要结论：

1)  如果方法恰当晒干是一种最小的养活玉米压碎的方法）

2)   蒸气烘干玉米通常有较小的压碎玉米的比率。

3)   在三种机械高温干燥设备里，混流式干燥器能够生产更高质量的玉米，对比交流干燥机和并流/反流式干燥机有更小的压碎比。

强啊!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

请问是用什么翻译软件翻译的

haha

翻译的好，和我在线翻译一样的，所以在线翻译还是不错的。